Fox
Talbot discovered in 1852 that a mixture of gelatine or Gum Arabic and potassium
dichromate became insoluble in water after this mixture had been dried and
exposed to strong light. This discovery resulted in a variety of photographic
“colloid-dichromate” processes. As early as 1855 Poitvin was successful with a
“carbon” process by adding lampblack to the gelatine/dichromate mixture. Later,
some “Pictorialists” discovered in the gum-dichromate process the qualities so
desired by them: their personal approach affected greatly the end product that
could be very photographic and sharp, or as “painterly” and subtle as an
aquarelle. Workers like Robert Demachy became (and still are) famous for their
soft and subtle gum prints. Others have repeatedly cursed the process for being
so time-consuming and unpredictable at times.
In
combination with cyanotype or platinum prints gum printing can be used to bring
colour in these monochrome images.
Before
one can start printing the paper has to be prepared: a good quality thick
aquarelle paper is wetted and dried a few times to pre-shrink it, then it has to
be sized again at least once, usually with gelatine and a hardener. Once dried a
mixture of Arabic Gum, potassium (or ammonium) dichromate and a pigment can be
applied to the paper. The pigment can be powdered or watercolour pigments in
tubes. Once dried, this “emulsion” can be exposed, under a large negative, to
strong ultraviolet light. After the exposure the gum in the mixture that was
exposed to the UV light (the light parts of the negative) has become hard and
insoluble in water so that it retains the pigment after a wash in water whereby
the parts of the mixture that received less exposure (the denser area’s in the
negative) are washed away. After drying a new mixture, using the same or a
different colour, is applied on top of the first (weak) image and the process
repeated until the desired effect has been obtained.
In these subsequent printing sessions one can use any
colour one wishes using from one to four negatives. Rarely a gumprint is
build-up in fewer that three coats, therefore prints made from the same
negative(s) will always, to a smaller or greater extend, be different in colour
and texture.